Grade Nine Math Curriculum

Grade Nine Math Curriculum

Introduction

The first year of high school and the year of changes, grade 9 is always a complex year for children, dealing with the changes in the high school curriculum and more complicated study patterns. This is also the year students make up their minds whether mathematics is going to be their preferred subject or not. Grade 9 mathematics enables students to integrate, and continue to develop, an understanding of mathematical concepts related to those they have already learnt in grades 1-8: number sense and operations, algebra, measurement, geometry, data, probability, and financial literacy. They will use mathematical processes, mathematical modelling, and coding to make sense of the mathematics they are learning and to apply their understanding to culturally responsive and relevant real-world situations. Students will continue to enhance their mathematical reasoning skills, including proportional reasoning, spatial reasoning, and algebraic reasoning, as they solve problems and communicate their thinking.
Grade Nine Maht

Table of Contents

Overall and Specific Expectations

The overall expectations are divided in five main categories each of which contains several subcategories. Every subcategory lists specific expectations for grade 9 in more detail.

Numbers

A. Development of Numbers and Number Sets: 
Students will demonstrate an understanding of the development and use of numbers and make connections between sets of numbers. They will

1. Development and Use of Numbers:

      • research a number concept to tell a story about its development and use in a specific culture and describe its relevance in a current context.

2. Number Sets

      • describe how various subsets of a number system are defined and describe similarities and differences between these subsets.
      • use patterns and number relationships to explain density, infinity, and limit as they relate to number sets.

B.Powers:
Students will represent numbers in various ways, evaluate powers, and simplify expressions by using the relationships between powers and their exponents. They will

1.  Powers

      • analyse, through the use of patterning, the relationship between the sign and size of an exponent and the value of a power and use this relationship to express numbers in scientific notation and evaluate powers.
      • analyse, through the use of patterning, the relationships between the exponents of powers and the operations with powers and use these relationships to simplify numeric and algebraic expressions.

C.Number Sense and Operations:
Students will apply an understanding of rational numbers, ratios, rates, percentages, and proportions, in various mathematical contexts, and to solve problems. They will

1. Rational Numbers

      • apply an understanding of integers to describe location, direction, amount, and changes in any of these, in various contexts.
      • apply an understanding of unit fractions and their relationship to other fractional amounts, in various contexts, including the use of measuring tools.
      • apply an understanding of integers to explain the effects that positive and negative signs have on the values of ratios, rates, fractions, and decimals, in various contexts.

2. Applications

      • solve problems involving operations with positive and negative fractions and mixed numbers, including problems involving formulas, measurements, and linear relations, using technology when appropriate.
      • pose and solve problems involving rates, percentages, and proportions in various contexts, including contexts connected to real-life applications of data, measurement, geometry, linear relations, and financial literacy.
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Algebra

A. Algebraic Expressions and Equations: 
Students will demonstrate an understanding of the development and use of algebraic concepts and of their connection to numbers, using various tools and representations. They will

1. Development and Use of Algebra

      • research an algebraic concept to tell a story about its development and use in a specific culture and describe its relevance in a current context.

2. Algebraic Expressions and Equations

      • create algebraic expressions to generalize relationships expressed in words, numbers, and visual representations, in various contexts.
      • compare algebraic expressions using concrete, numerical, graphical, and algebraic methods to identify those that are equivalent, and justify their choices.
      • simplify algebraic expressions by applying properties of operations of numbers, using various representations and tools, in different contexts.
      • create and solve equations for various contexts and verify their solutions.

B. Coding
Students will apply coding skills to represent mathematical concepts and relationships dynamically, and to solve problems, in algebra and across the other strands. They will

1. Coding

      • use coding to demonstrate an understanding of algebraic concepts including variables, parameters, equations, and inequalities.
      • create code by decomposing situations into computational steps in order to represent mathematical concepts and relationships, and to solve problems.
      • read code to predict its outcome, and alter code to adjust constraints, parameters, and outcomes to represent a similar or new mathematical situation.
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C. Application of Relations
Students will represent and compare linear and non-linear relations that model real-life situations and use these representations to make predictions. They will

1. Application of Linear and Non-Linear Relations

      • compare the shapes of graphs of linear and non-linear relations to describe their rates of change, to make connections to growing and shrinking patterns, and to make predictions.
      • represent linear relations using concrete materials, tables of values, graphs, and equations, and make connections between the various representations to demonstrate an understanding of rates of change and initial values.
      • compare two linear relations of the form y = ax + b graphically and algebraically, and interpret the meaning of their point of intersection in terms of a given context

D. Characteristics of Relations
Students will demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics of various representations of linear and non-linear relations, using tools, including coding when appropriate. They will

1. Characteristics of Linear and Non-Linear Relations

      • compare characteristics of graphs, tables of values, and equations of linear and non-linear relations.
      • graph relations represented as algebraic equations of the forms , and , and their associated inequalities, where a, b, and k are constants, to identify various characteristics and the points and/or regions defined by these equations and inequalities.
      • graph relations represented as algebraic equations of the forms , and , and their associated inequalities, where a, b, and k are constants, to identify various characteristics and the points and/or regions defined by these equations and inequalities.
      • determine the equations of lines from graphs, tables of values, and concrete representations of linear relations by making connections between rates of change and slopes, and between initial values and y-intercepts, and use these equations to solve problems.

Data

A. Collection, Representation, and Analysis of Data
Students will describe the collection and use of data and represent and analyse data involving one and two variables. They will

1. Application of Data

      • identify a current context involving a large amount of data, and describe potential implications and consequences of its collection, storage, representation, and use.

2. Representation and Analysis of Data

      • represent and statistically analyse data from a real-life situation involving a single variable in various ways, including the use of quartile values and box plots.
      • create a scatter plot to represent the relationship between two variables, determine the correlation between these variables by testing different regression models using technology, and use a model to make predictions when appropriate.

B. Mathematical Modelling
Students will apply the process of mathematical modelling, using data and mathematical concepts from other strands, to represent, analyse, make predictions, and provide insight into real-life situations. They will

1. Application of Mathematical Modeling

      • describe the value of mathematical modelling and how it is used in real life to inform decisions.

2. Process of Mathematical Modeling

      • identify a question of interest requiring the collection and analysis of data, and identify the information needed to answer the question.
      • create a plan to collect the necessary data on the question of interest from an appropriate source, identify assumptions, identify what may vary and what may remain the same in the situation, and then carry out the plan.
      • determine ways to display and analyse the data in order to create a mathematical model to answer the original question of interest, taking into account the nature of the data, the context, and the assumptions made.
      • report how the model can be used to answer the question of interest, how well the model fits the context, potential limitations of the model, and what predictions can be made based on the model.

Geometry and Measurement

A. Geometric and Measurement Relationship 
Students will demonstrate an understanding of the development and use of geometric and measurement relationships, and apply these relationships to solve problems, including problems involving real-life situations. They will

      • research a geometric concept or a measurement system to tell a story about its development and use in a specific culture or community and describe its relevance in connection to careers and to other disciplines.
      • create and analyse designs involving geometric relationships and circle and triangle properties, using various tools.
      • solve problems involving different units within a measurement system and between measurement systems, including those from various cultures or communities, using various representations and technology, when appropriate.
      • show how changing one or more dimensions of a two-dimensional shape and a three-dimensional object affects perimeter/circumference, area, surface area, and volume, using technology when appropriate.
      • solve problems involving the side-length relationship for right triangles in real-life situations, including problems that involve composite shapes.
      • solve problems using the relationships between the volume of prisms and pyramids and between the volume of cylinders and cones, involving various units of measure.

Financial Literacy

A. Financial Decisions 
Students will demonstrate the knowledge and skills needed to make informed financial decisions. They will

      • identify a past or current financial situation and explain how it can inform financial decisions, by applying an understanding of the context of the situation and related mathematical knowledge.
      • identify financial situations that involve appreciation and depreciation and use associated graphs to answer related questions.
      • compare the effects that different interest rates, lengths of borrowing time, ways in which interest is calculated, and amounts of down payments have on the overall costs associated with purchasing goods or services, using appropriate tools.
      • modify budgets displayed in various ways to reflect specific changes in circumstances and provide a rationale for the modifications.
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List of Skills

More than 200 math skills are considered in the math curriculum for grade 9. Please, use the detailed list of skills in the old LG for grade 9.

Evaluation

Objective evaluation is believed to be one of the most essential parts of teaching mathematics. In Genius Math, we use different tools and methods to evaluate the mathematical knowledge of students and their progress. Our evaluation process consists of three stages: before teaching sessions, during teaching sessions and after teaching sessions. 

  1. Initial Assessment Test
    Before starting our teaching sessions, we administrate an assessment test to obtain some insights on the strengths and weaknesses of students and their previous math knowledge. This key information helps us to come up with a special plan for every single student.
  2. Standard Problems
    During teaching sessions, we use a combination of different resources providing standard problems that are designed by famous mathematicians all over the world to improve the problem-solving skills of students. Among those resources are Math Kangaroo Contests, CEMC (University of Waterloo), AMC (American Mathematics Competitions), and even IMO (International Mathematics Olympiad), the latter might be considered for those who want to tackle more challenging problems or prepare for math olympiads. We use these problems to design homework, quizzes, and tests for our students based on their grades, needs and goals. As a matter of fact, such problems can be used to unveil the depth of students’ mathematical understanding.
  3. Final Assessment Test
    When teaching sessions are over, students are asked to take another assessment test aiming to show their real progress in mathematics.

Most Common Challenging Topics

The followings are among the most common challenges students may face in grade 9:
  1. Power rules
  2. Simplifying algebraic expressions and solving equations
  3. Linear and non-linear relations
  4. Data analysis
  5. Geometric measurement

What We Can Offer

Students have different goals and expectations according to their background, knowledge, or experience. This data along with the result of assessment session help us to design a unique plan for each student. There are different kinds of helps that we offer students in Genius Math:
  1. To review and practice their class notes and handouts
  2. To be helped with their homework, quizzes, and tests
  3. To improve their math skills in general
  4. To level up (e.g., moving from B- to B+)
  5. To get A+
  6. To learn topics beyond curriculum
  7. To prepare for math competitions
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